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Return to Research pageWe now have a number of Post Graduate Diploma and BSc(Hons) Degree research dissertations by our graduates with a new cohort of final year students adding a further contribution this year. These cover a wide range of methodological approaches to the subject matter as is reflected in the full range of research methodologies covered in the training. We can categorise them into the following sections: 1 Materia Medica
Calluna vulgaris Achillea millefolium Verbena officinalis Ligusticum levisticum Ligusticum scoticum Valeriana officinalis Anemone pulsatilla Lamiaceae Inula Helenium Bellis perennis Artemisia vulgaris For information on the Goethean approach please refer to Discussion Paper on Goethean Science Methodology 2 Qualitative Research
3 Laboratory Based Projects
4 Literature Study
5 Ethnobotany and Conservation Issues
Abstract
Epilobium angustifolium (Rose Bay Willow Herb) grows in abundance in the wild and would, if necessary, be very easy to cultivate for medical purposes, if its properties and safety were appropriate to usage.As much information as possible was acquired on the historical medicinal use of Epilobium angustifolium in this country, in Germany and in America, but no case studies were unearthed. I was fortunate to be appraised of its current medicinal usage by two eminent herbalists, so there is the possibility of a source of case studies in the future. There was more previous scientific research than first imagined and I am able to add to that with research done in the Plant Biology Department, the Scottish Agricultural College, Auchencruive, Ayr, where dried samples of Epilobium angustifolium were distilled and a chromatogram obtained. The above literature researches were conducted using books, journals, personal communications, abstracts of research work and the internet. A very exciting aspect of trying to update the usage of Rose Bay Willow Herb was the Goethean Science study weekend on this very plant. Initially, the plan was to do work on the energetics of the plant using personal dowsing and meditations to access the plant spirit, but that was not feasible because it was too late in the year. However, art and science came together at Wiston Lodge, Lanark, and approximately thirty people shared feelings, impressions and insights to give unique and valuable information which was able to be cross-referenced with previously documented facts and laboratory results. The scientific research indicated that Epilobium angustifolium had properties commensurate with possible medical applications. The majority of the Goethean Science researchers reported favourably in the use of the herb. So hopefully once case studies begin to be compiled with successful outcomes, there may be a case for its re-instatement in dispensaries in the 21st century.  Abstract
The project considers a method for producing herbal plant juices on a small scale, up to around 500 ml, and preserving the juices by freezing them as individual 10 ml lots as icecubes.Juices were made of the following plants:
2: Galium aparine Cleavers aerial parts 3: Melissa officinalis Lemon Balm aerial parts non-flowering 4: Plantago lanceolata Plantain leaves 5: Taraxacum officinale Dandelion leaves 6: Urtica dioica Nettle aerial part before flowering After thawing the juices were stored at 10° C in the refrigerator. Taste, appearance and smell were tested on each thawed juice. The pH changes were monitored during frozen storage at -18° C over a variety of months and on thawed juices kept at 10° C in screw cap bottles. Dry and wet solids were measured as an indication of juice concentration and sediment formation on storage. The UV and visible light spectrum was measured for changes in the absorbance of the chemical components in the juices occurring during storage. The total bacteriological count was carried out on juices containing all sediment, a 1:10 dilution of juices and clarified juices by centrifugation. The fresh juices were analysed for Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content. Also the changes of Vitamin C content in juices stored at -18° C and 10° C was recorded. Protein changes in the juices on storage and protein content in fresh juice was demonstrated by polyacrylamide-electrophoresis and analytical method. The research demonstrated that the juices keep their quality during frozen storage apart from a loss of Vitamin C. There is a variety of keeping properties of juices stored at 10° C up to one week. Abstract
The object of the project was to assess the evidence for the therapeutic properties of Calluna vulgaris using the holistic Goethean Science methodological approach to conduct a qualitative Goethean Science based trial.Calluna vulgaris was chosen as a Scottish indigenous herb little used in the modern herbal clinic. 20 volunteer herbal students performed a blind tasting of Calluna vulgaris tincture and recorded their impressions on a questionnaire. The results were then compared to existing medicinal uses of Calluna vulgaris. From the literature search the main therapeutic actions of heather were as a relaxing nervine and a urinary diuretic antiseptic. The results of the trial overwhelmingly confirmed the relaxing properties with 94% of volunteers registering this response. On the other hand there was no evidence at all to substantiate the diuretic action as not one single volunteer recorded this. The study group, who on average recorded a strong astringent sensation, confirmed the old usage of Calluna vulgaris as a tanning agent for leather, and its modern day claim as a medical astringent. This may form the basis for further investigation. Abstract
A study of the individual subjective experiences of five women using herbs during childbirth was researched involving qualitative techniques. The aim was to relate their direct experiences using the same, defined Herbal Birth Kit with as neutral an approach as possible.From the results of the questionnaire used, various common themes emerged, especially with a view to the reasons why these women chose Herbs for the birth of their babies and what the Herb Kit contributed to their experience. The main opinion held by every member of this particular study sample was that they preferred to use herbs as opposed to conventional medicine and intervention, opting for a more "natural" alternative, seeing this as a means of pain relief without side-effects that would render them or their baby drowsy during the brth process or risk the potential of any lasting harm. The Herbal Kit was reported to provide support and confidence throughout the experience with comments on the comfort and reassurance it gave just to know it was there "at hand", and the sense of empowerment that offered. Using this Kit also allowed the birthing partner to become directly involved and an active participant in the event, which appears to be an issue of considerable significance to those concerned. This ultimately positive feedback on the use of herbs during labour and childbirth, despite the size of the survey, may encourage further research and have some implications in the field of Midwifery and for other Herbalists interested in this area as the demand for alternatives for women giving birth outwith or alongside Orthodox Medicine increases. Abstract
A questionnaire was given to 50 practising herbalists to give an indication of the current use of ACV by medical herbalists, for what condition they use it, and, whether they use any ACV extracts or would like to, if these were available.An attempt was made to assess scientifically whether it was practical to use ACV for extracts by comparing home made tincture with ACV extracts using the same batch of herb. Tests were carried out to assess keeping qualities through microbiological analysis. A tasting was carried out to assess palatability and the effects that each had on the body. It was impossible to do this blind because there was no way of disguising the different tastes. The majority of herbalists had used ACV in its own right but rarely as a medium for making tinctures although many said they would consider using it as such. Generally, when compared to the list of conditions treated by ACV, use by the medical herbalists was very limited, and it would be beneficial if a broader use of ACV could be considered by the medical herbalism profession. There were ten conditions mentioned overall, but the majority just used it for arthritic conditions. Only one herbalist used ACV extracts internally, which was a vinegar tincture, so it was impossible to draw comparisons between problems associated with alcohol in tinctures and problems associated with use of ACV in extracts. Quite a few were reluctant to use it because of not knowing how many of the active constituents came through in the vinegar, yet for these people who had a problem using alcohol, they used teas, which are going to have different constituents than an alcohol tincture. In conclusion I consider that there is a place for wider use of ACV in medical herbalism and a possible use as extracts in place of alcohol tinctures both for home use and as a commercial enterprise. Further research work is needed as there is a noticeable lack of research into the properties of ACV; the use of different herbs extracted in ACV; the testing of their subjective effects in the body; the manufacture methods to minimise bacterial counts to extend keeping qualities and chromatographic development work to ascertain the constituents in the ACV extracts. Abstract
A group of clients at one herbal practice were surveyed by questionnaire, to find out why they felt it necessary to use Herbal Medcine, when they had NHS treatment available. No single reason emerged. Clients appear to be making their own healthcare decisions, with no referrals from other healthcare providers. These decisions involve value judgements on the danger of side effects of orthodox medicine and assessing the efficacy of NHS treatment. Half felt they have reached the limits of effective treatment possibilities and are willing to use pluralistic medicine. The majority have used herbal medicine before and think it can treat serious illness. The most important factors in treatment to clients are:- "Feeling better, being treated as a "whole" person, causual v symptomatic treatment and using "natural" substances. Equally important was the type of practitioner, one that is open to other healthcare interventions and would give time to listen, understand the client and explain illness, thus enabling a dynamic relationship of client and practitioner to manage/cure the clients problem".Abstract
The study aims to examine whether Capricorn patients suffer significantly different diseases than do the rest of the population. Using some of the astrological writings of Nicholas Culpeper, the expected diseases for Capricorns were collated and the sample population of both Capricorn and a mixed group representing the wider population were compared to it.It was discovered that the Capricorn group in all but one disease category did not match the thoughts or predications of Nicholas Culpeper. Despite this it was discovered that there were some statistically significant differences in the diseases suffered by patients of the Capricorn and mixed groups. Abstract
All the faculties were involved in the study. Not only sight, smell and taste but also imagination and intuition.The study involved an objective observation of the herb, using accurate descriptive language. The sense of smell and taste were employed in a tea tasting. From this the bitter and astringent actions were recognised. The effects on the body were also described. These included heat and cold, movement and dryness. Bitter action associated with digestive functioning was also noted. Drawings of the herb were made from memory. Imagination was employed to "dream" the plant into existance so that those participating were able to re-grow the plant in their mind. Seeking out the essence of the plant involved the use of intuition in communicating with the herb. What the plant communicated was described and displayed in the drawings. There was consensus in the drawings of circular movement. There was also recognition of a gynaecological connection, of the heart and circulation and of heat and warmth. This herb is known to have a dilatory effect on the peripheral blood vessels. These effects were intuitively confirmed by the use of dowsing which suggested that the herb was not a good wound herb per se but was most likely to be involved in the vascular response to injury. Abstract
The issue of drug interaction is an increasingly important one. In light of recent reports of purported interaction between Hypericum and pharmaceuticals, it is an issue which herbalists will doubtless face increasingly in the future. In order to be able to assess the potential for interactions and their possible impact, it is vital that we have an understanding of how drugs are metabolised and factors which can affect their metabolism.
A review is made of the Cytochrome P450 and how Hypericum is reported to affect this enzyme pathway. Consideration is given to the issue of standardised extracts which have been predominant in these cases, and to the question of the validity of animal derived data, where major inter-species differences have been shown in liver enzyme pathways.Abstract
Infantile atopic eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that often appears in the first few months of life. It is well recognised that the condition is difficult to treat and that no one treatment is effective for all. This project sought to find out how herbalists are currently treating the condition in children up to and including 4 years of age. A questionnaire was devised and sent out to 47 members of NIMH. 21 completed questionnaires were returned. Results suggested that on average a herbalist may see 5-6 cases within a six month period and that mild to moderate cases are seen most often. A wide range of herbs were used for a variety of herbal preparations. All the herbalists prescribed tinctures for internal use; 27 different herbs were noted with Trifolium pratense being chosen most often. Creams are also regularly prescribed and 13 herbs were noted with Stellaria media used most often. Chamomilla recutita was most often prescribed for teas. Viola tricolor, Chamomilla recutita and Calendula officinalis were all prescribed as tinctures, in creams, as tea, as a wash and for a bath. They also have a traditional reputation for treating eczema, which this study supports. All the herbalists recommended reducing or eliminating dairy products from the diet and it was considered important to increase the intake of essential fatty acids. Reducing family tension and stress was also considered to be important. All the herbalists agreed that topical corticosteroid use should be gradually reduced alongside herbal treatments. Implementation of dietary advice and compliance were regarded as the most important factors for successful treatment of infantile atopic eczema.Abstract
The project was designed as a postal questionnaire which was sent out to 47 herbalists in the North of England. They were asked questions about the type of skin conditions; what other herbs were used in conjunction with Viola tricolor; the energetics of the plant and the temperament of the patients; and what other conditions do they treat with Viola tricolor? A blind tasting of the herb was carried out by a group of students to compare with the respondents' energetic findings.Of the 30 herbalists who replied, 28 of them use the herb in the treatment of skin conditions, in particular eczema. Most of the respondents who see the herb in energetic terms describe it as gentle, cooling, moistening. A small number consider the plant to be warm and drying. They consider that is suits children and women who are sensitive and may have experienced emotional difficulties. Only one respondent reported any side effects. Approximately 60% of the respondents use Viola tricolor to treat other conditions such as rheumatism, bronchial conditions, capillary fragility, lymphatic congestion, as part of a detoxifying regime and to treat cancer with lymphatic involvement. Abstract
Seven herbalists were interviewd to find out what work they were doing with cancer patients. This involved asking them to reflect on their work and to build up a picture of their contribution to cancer care. Three aspects were considered: Treatment of the cancer, help with side effects of conventional treatment, and palliative care.Besides the herbs prescribed, other therapeutic strategies were considered: what other complementary therapies did the herbalists practise? What was their nutritional and lifestyle advice, and what was their attitude to supplements? The practitioners' relationship with orthodox medical personnel was discussed, as was the question of how work could be measured. Finally, herbalists were invited to outline their herbal philosophy. A qualitative narrative was compiled. While the number of cancer patients coming to herbalists was small, and some practitoners expressed a lack of confidence in the field of oncology, the work being done on an individual basis was valuable. herbal treatment of side effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery was particularly useful, and potential for growth was identified. Abstract
The purpose of this research was to determine whether shamanism could be used to help determine the medicinal use of herbs. During the study Vervain dried herb was tasted blind by two groups. The first group were herbal students, who drank a cup of tea and then answered a questionnaire based on their thoughts and experiences. The second group undertook shamanic journeys after drinking a cup of tea, asking the "spirit world" for information on the healing properties of the herb, and whom it could help. This information was then collated using a questionnaire. The data was analysed using qualitative methodologies, and the results from each group were compared to each other and to the existing knowledge of the plant.Both groups identified a variety of applications for the herb, with the shamanic group recognising a wider range of possible uses including balancing and calming effects on the emotions, topical applications and for regulating the menstrual cycle. The uses of Vervain suggested by the herbal group were focused mainly on the nervine actions of the plant but also included cooling, astringent, analgesic, antispasmodic and detoxifying actions. The majority of the uses mentioned by both groups were also identified during a literature review. Some of the other details not identified during the background reading, could be extrapolated from the References. As most of the uses suggested during the study were congruent with the background research, it was concluded that shamanic journeying could be used to identify therapeutic uses of herbs. Abstract
The aim of this project was to investigate treatment used by herbalists for muscle pain and associated symptoms in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and the rationale given for the choice. Questionnaires were sent out to 45 members of the National Institute of Medical Herbalists in Scotland and Wales. Of the 45 questionnaires sent 21 were returned.The most favoured herbs in order of preference to treat muscle pain and symptoms were Cimicifuga racemosa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gelsemium sempervirens, Urtica dioica and Viburnum opulus. Herbs were prescribed in the tincture, fluid extract and dried forms. The results also provided a broader range of remedies taking the various symptoms of the condition into account, these included, circulatory, immune stimulating, detoxification and elimination, anti-inflammatory, hormonal and nutritional herbs. Not all the respondents considered the energetics of the patient or herb, of those who did the main areas included; hot, cold, dry, damp, low energy, low mood, high achiever and nervous exhaustion. The main aspects of strategy to be considered in treatment included; an internal remedy, an external remedy, diet, improving circulation, supporting body systems and reducing inflammation. The main aspects of lifestyle to be considered in treatment included gentle but paced exercise, massage, diet, rest and relaxation. The research highlighted that treatment comes down to a patient-centred approach, that all things are considered, not only pain relief for aching muscles but also why pain is there, how the rest of the body's systems and functions affect it and how diet, exercise and lifestyle can improve it. A wide variety of herbs were listed, showing the herbalist's individual and flexible approach to the condition.
Abstract
The treatment of hypertension was investigated in a herbal practice by examining the records of patients in which hypertension was part of the clinical picture. Informed consent was sought from 34 patients of whom 18 allowed their records to be included in the study. All but four patients were receiving one or more orthodox anti-hypertensive drugs including thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists. Most patients reported side effects of orthodox treatment. Although there was no evidence from blood pressure measurements that herbal treatment using mistletoe, cramp bark, yarrow, valerian, dandelion leaf, hawthorn or lime flower improved control of hypertension, it was clear from patient accounts that herbal treatment often increased patients' sense of well being and may have improved patient compliance with the orthodox treatment.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to review the phenomenon of herbs which cause dreams through their use. This opens into the wider arena of their specific action; which herbs conversely are used in the 'treatment' of dreams; and how often these situations arise within the clinical setting. Several Humoral/Energetic medical philosophies were examined to find out how dreams are regarded in terms of their cause and their use in diagnosis of illness. A wider review of cultural dreamologies were also undertaken. A questionnaire was sent to practising herbalists to try and determine how much of these doctrines and philosophies infiltrated into the treatment of presenting complaints involving dreams, and dreams brought up in context to the case story in general. Energetically the Heart and Liver featured especially in traditional medical dreaming theories, both in those which did not have 'nerves', but also in concepts of disease processes used in contemporary Western Herbal practice. Ie. Herbalists were not just prescribing 'nervines' for presenting complaints involving dreams, but were addressing the 'heart' and 'liver' as well. Herbs that caused dream reactions could also be interpreted as more than nervines. 93% of respondents to the questionnaire had experienced dreams being mentioned in connection to the case story at some point in the treatment (occasionally dreams referring to the resolution of the presenting complaint were expressed) - the majority of herbalists followed these up; excessive/strange dreaming and nightmares were presented as part of the presenting complaint more often than the main presenting complaint;71% of respondents had experienced repeated and/or unexpected dream reports from specific herbs given in medication; some herbalists and patients dreamed of herbs that were useful for the given complaint - although for the majority this was not very frequently. All herbs used for dreaming situations had some traditional or folk use in this area, or could be backed up by their actions.
Abstract
The aim of the project was to take one herb, Mistletoe (Viscum album), and relate its study to a Gaian/holistic perspective, viewed as a useful model of holism.The Contribution of holistic herbalism to an integrated holistic health care system was reviewed and acknowledged while the meaning of the term ‘holistic’, examined. The benefits of the dominant model of reductionist science were also recognised and its use as a benchmark to which herbalists attempt to explain their theory and practice, discussed. However it is argued that the evolution of holistic herbalism may be constrained by relying solely on reductionist explanations as this essentially dismisses subjective information and wider energetic influences that are valuable to a holistic understanding of nature and central to traditional energetic medicine. The unusual attributes of Mistletoe suggest that nature cannot always be understood from a purely reductionist scientific viewpoint. Thus the Goethean scientific approach is included ass a tool to developing a truly holistic approach that integrates objective and subjective contributions in its attempt to understand the study of plants (in this case Mistletoe) and the connection between nature and people in general. The Goethean study group not only confirms much of the documented understanding of the herb but also possibly provides a link to a more profound understanding of and connection with nature. The Goethean method, it is argued, should be developed and utilised as a useful tool for the development of holistic herbalism.
Abstract
The perceived therapeutic actions in herbal clinical practice of the endangered herb Chamaelirium luteum were researched for this study using qualitative methods. The study then investigated which herbs were selected by medical herbalists as close alternatives to Chamaelirium in case of it becoming unavailable.The premise for this study being Chamaelirium luteum’s endangered status, the current situation was first reviewed with regard to the conservation of medicinal plants. The study reports on the continuously increasing demands placed on the supply of medicinal plants, and how, in both Europe and North America, there are fears that this supply cannot be sustained from the wild populations of certain species. The study next turned to investigate the habitat and cultivation requirements of Chamaelirium luteum and reports that its specific needs make it vulnerable to depletion. It also emerged that habitat destruction and destructive harvesting methods mean that it is categorised as “critically imperilled” and “at risk” by North American conservation bodies. A literature search and a self-completion questionnaire to 54 medical herbalists practising in Britain were the methods used to investigate how Chamaelirium luteum is used in herbal clinical practice. Some key gynaecological therapeutic actions emerged from this research. Chamaelirium luteum is perceived in particular to have a hormone-balancing action on the female productive system, normalising menstrual, reproductive and menopausal irregularities. It is also acknowledged to excel as an ovarian and uterine tonic, being particularly effective in cases of threatened miscarriage and subfertility. The study then researched, via the self-completion questionnaire, which alternative herbs medical herbalists would use to replace Chamaelirium luteum. Data revealed a consensus on a small number of gynaecological herbs including Cimicifuga racemosa, Alchemilla vulgaris, Vitex agnus-castus, Caulophyllum thalictroides and Angelica sinensis. 36 herbs were mentioned in total, and there is room for further research to explore in more detail exactly how those herbs mentioned would be seen to act in place of Chamaelirium.
Abstract
Vervain (Verbena officinalis) is a herb of longstanding usage, applied by the ancient Greeks, Romans and Egyptians for its medicinal, magical and religious properties. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether some medicinal knowledge of Vervain has been lost and to surmise whether there could be any benefits to the modern world in trying to rediscover why Vervain was so valued in earlier times. The literature review indicated that the writings of the Physicians of Myddfai provide a more accurate record of native British traditional herbal knowledge than subsequent ‘British’ herbals. The Physicians of Myddfai used Vervain to treat the tuberculous condition of ‘scrofula’. No such usage of the plant is referred to in more modern herbals. No firm scientific evidence could be found for the ability of Vervain, or any of its constituents, to treat any tuberculosis-related conditions. However, it was observed that the Vervain constituent verbascoside, is a major representative chemical constituent of the family of plants called Scrophulariaceae - after their supposed abilities to treat scrofula. Verbascoside is also a well-documented anti-bacterial compound and levels in Vervain are highest after flowering. The Physicians of Myddfai recommended gathering the entire plant, including the roots, after flowering. This is contrary to current herbal practice of gathering only the aerial parts prior to flowering. For anti-tuberculous medicines to be effective, they must have reduced toxicity and be effective at low doses to allow prolonged therapy. Vervain has low toxicity and fits this picture well. Incidence of tuberculosis-related diseases, such as scrofula, are on the increase, both in the developed world (where these diseases are often associated with HIV infection) and in poorer countries. It is argued that traditional local herbal knowledge offers a useful and appropriate starting point for research into prophylactic and curative measures against any disease.
Abstract
The use of plants as medicine pre-dates written records. Historically, the most frequent indication for herbal medicine has been to assist in labour and delivery, and to help with menstrual problems. The taboos surrounding abortion, however, has meant that information concerning abortifacient recipes is shrouded in secrecy and is often obscure. This trend continues today. Article One of the Code of Practice of the National Institute of Herbalists in the UK prohibits members from administering a known abortifacient or uterine stimulant remedy to a pregnant woman. This has led to many herbals providing a list of herbs which should not be taken in pregnancy: but the reasons for such a contra-indication are rarely supplied. This study suggests that detailed knowledge of the basis on which herbs are contra-indicated in pregnancy is necessary if the practitioner is to make an informed judgement on the risk-to-benefit ratio of using herbs during pregnancy.A knowledge of the history of abortifacients is necessary not only to establish the traditional use of such agents: it is also important to understand the social context of that use, and the meaning that terms such as ‘emmenagogue’ had within that historical context. Emmenagogue has been equated directly with abortifacient, but this may not be historically accurate. If such knowledge is ignored, it is difficult to defend the empirical tradition of herbalism against the reductionist models of some strands of modern research.
Abstract
Increased nitrate in the human diet is a recent change which has happened since artificial fertilisers, especially nitrogenous fertilisers, were used to boost crop yields. There is ample epidemiological evidence to show that fruit and vegetable intake is important for health. Populations on high fruit and vegetable intakes show lower incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Hardly any research has been done to determine if high nitrate levels in vegetables can increase disease risk. This project aims to carry out a literature review to determine if evidence exists to link high nitrate levels in vegetables to increased disease risk.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the range of conditions that are treated by a travelling acute herbal medicine clinic; the conditions such a clinic is most likely to be presented with; the types of treatment required; and the limitations to this form of herbal medicine in terms of how often referral is necessary. Data was gathered through a review of the records kept by “The Medical Herbalists” travelling clinic - which provides first aid and acute herbal medicine at festivals and camping events - and by participant observation within the clinic during the 2001 summer season. Conditions were grouped according to type (e.g. cuts and wounds; digestive disturbance); according to the treatment given (e.g. first aid; topical application of herbs; internal prescription); and according to whether referral was necessary (e.g. to hospital; to a dentist). “The Medical Herbalists” travelling clinic is considered in the context of other medical provision at festivals and outdoor events, and in the context of herbal medicine in general. Included in the Appendices are a breakdown of the conditions treated at three festivals, examples of the herbs prescribed for a few of the most common conditions treated, a list of herbs and medical supplies used by “The Medical Herbalists” travelling clinic, a sample case history form, and photographs of the clinic.
Abstract
The pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was investigated and related to known actions of both Ginkgo biloba (GB) and other herbs with both traditional and modern use in the prevention and treatment of AD. Issues of diet and lifestyle relating to holistic strategy were considered and there was discussion of the issues surrounding use of standardised extract (SE) versus whole herb preparations.An overview of clinical trials (1997 onwards) using Ginkgo biloba standardised extract was carried out by means of a literature review. Trials involving the use of animal experimentation were not included on ethical and relevancy grounds. The research was evaluated in respect of its relevancy to therapeutic methods used by practising herbalists. Investigation into mutual access for patients and sufferers was undertaken by asking for response from herbal practitioners with experience in this field. Reference was made to recent research into access to Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) for AD sufferers. In the light of findings from the above, preventative and treatment strategies were researched, using information from literature and from contributing herbalists. A qualitative narrative was compiled which found that the access for patients with AD is very restricted and herbalists contacted all said they had little or no experience in this field. Alternatively there was a negative response from herbalists when invited to contribute.
Abstract
Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (non-insulin dependant) is increasing world-wide, and new sustainable and improved treatments are much needed. Herbal treatment of diabetes is well established in INDONESIA whilst little practiced in Britain. This raises the possibility of learning from Indonesian approaches. However, virtually nothing is written in English regarding Indonesian herbal therapeutics or the Indonesian materia medica, making analysis of such treatments difficult.This dissertation presents two diabetes preparations collected from Solo, Java and discusses them within a suitable context. This context has been limited to the perspectives of Western Herbalism, Pharmacology and Ayurveda combined with information from interviews with experts and locals and translation of Indonesian herbals. The results conclude that the two prescriptions analysed can be understood within the contexts used, both as being Kapha reducing in Ayurvedic terms and hypoglycaemic in Western terms. The structure of the prescriptions appears similar to that used in Britain. Indonesian concepts of diabetes are similar to those in the West, though there appears to be an additional focus on treating ‘kidney heat’ possibly indicating a link with traditional Chinese medicine. A number of the Indonesian herbs used are found within the Ayurvedic materia medica, but little evidence of therapeutic aspects of Ayurveda were discovered. There is however evidence of a humoral aspect to treatment. Common themes and herb combinations found within Indonesian prescribing patterns are discussed. There is little ethnobotanical or pharmacological research available on most of the herbs discussed and several Indonesian anti-diabetic herbs (notably: Andrographidis paniculata, Orthosiphon aristatus, Alstoniae scholaris, Parki timoriana, Strychnos lucida and Swietienia mahagoni) are proposed as suitable candidates for further study. This research forms a good foundation for further research into Diabetes treatment in Indonesia as well as offering a useful source of information for anyone wishing to pursue related work in Indonesia. Suggestions for further research are made; in particular, analysis from other contexts (e.g. TCM, Unani Tibb) as well as more interviews with Herbalists and Dukun are strongly recommended.
Abstract
Alchemilla vulgaris, Lady’s Mantle, has a reputation for having been traditionally highly respected as a medicinal herb; its name is thought to have been given by the Arabic alchemists in reference to the high regard in which it was held. However, modern attitudes to it vary greatly and very little research has been carried out into either its therapeutic efficacy or its chemical composition. It is thought by many to be primarily a tannin astringent.A literature search was carried out to try to trace the origins of the herb’s reputation. Most of the literature reviewed was British, including the work of physicians and writers such as John Parkinson and Gerard, but translations and facsimiles of other works, such as those of Diascorides and Dodoens D Rembert, were also included. It was found that accurate references before the early 17th century were not available within this search. Early European manuscripts, particularly translations of the work of the Arab physicians and alchemists such as Avicenna, may have references to the herb, but were not within the scope of this paper. There is no doubt, however, it has been widely used in parts of the world, including Britain. The range of conditions for which Lady’s Mantle has been used is wider than might have been expected. It is an astringent, used as a wound herb, including internal ruptures, wounds and ulcers, and for diarrhoea; it has long been used to regulate menstruation in women, for leucorrhoea and as a parfum preparatory. It has also been used as a circulatory tonic, as an anti-inflammatory, as an anti-convulsant and febrifuge. There are mentions of it being used in diabetes, as a general metabolic remedy and for its use in pulmonary and kidney diseases. A Goethean Science plant study was carried out, using a method of research developed by the Anthroposophical movement. This was held before the literature search, partly to help avoid any preconceptions of the plant being carried into the plant study, intended to add to existing knowledge of the herb. The conclusions were that Alchemilla vulgaris would be a valuable remedy for the uterus, foetus and baby, heart, and metabolic balance, all of which concur with traditional therapeutic uses of the herb found through the literature search. A Review of the Medicinal Properties and Botany of Ligusticum levisticum and Ligusticum scoticum.
Abstract
Both Common Lovage and Scots Lovage are of European origin and have had a number of traditional culinary and medicinal uses recorded over nearly 10 centuries.Lovage had over the past century become known more as a culinary herb, viewed possibly as architectural rather than tasty. From Grieves (1931) to today, little information has been published on therapeutic use of Lovage and a few herbalists now have experience in using it as a remedy. Scots Lovage has a dubious reputation as a culinary herb and thrives now as a wild plant, surviving in cool, inhospitable rocky coastlines in northern hemisphere. There is no modern published information on therapeutic use of this plant, but historically it was important in the north of Scotland for helping to prevent illness. A forgotten plant with a long list of powerful relatives, the roots contain some chemical constituents with known pharmacological activity. In terms of modern chronic illness both of these native herbs could be said to be underused resources. This project reviews historical and current use of both herbs and prepares an argument for the re-introduction of Lovage into the modern Herbal Materia Medica as a useful remedy for the treatment of chronic ailments.
Abstract
An investigation into how herb cultivation and medicine production might be integrated into a herbalist practice in the UK, and what influences and implications this has for the herbal practitioner.An in-depth semi-structured interview was conducted in person with 4 herbalists for whom growing herbs and making medicines was central to their practice. Interview questions explored cultivation practices, medicine processing procedures, the nature of the plant-practitioner relationship, and how each of these informed the herbalists’ overall therapeutic approach. It was established that growing a wide range of medicinal herbs is viable under UK conditions but that choice of herbs grown is influenced by soil type and local climate. Plant medicines produced mostly took the form of fresh alcoholic tinctures and the herbalists demonstrated extensive expertise in medicine production. Home-made tinctures were regarded as far superior to most commercially available products and the reasons for this are explored. Each herbalist had their won unique approach based on extensive experience but numerous common themes were identified. A predominant theme that emerged was the central importance of developing a detailed intimate knowledge of the plants grown, This formed the basis of an essential range of practical, intuitive and therapeutic skills. The legal status of a herbalist as a provider of medicines is discussed in the context of proposed legal reforms to section 12 (1) of the Medicines Act 1968. The possible impact of new proposals on the herbalist activities explored in this study is considered. The study questions the adequacy of the current scientific paradigm as a framework for evaluating and supporting the work of herbalist growers and medicine makers.
Abstract
The scope of the study is to explore concerns about vaccination and to elicit herbalists’ views on the preventative role of herbal medicine in childhood infectious disease, using measles as the example.Vaccination is a public health issue that has attracted debate for centuries and recently the MMR debate has raised concern among parents having to make the decision whether to vaccinate or not their children (Coulter H & Fisher B, 1992). Consequently, there has been a decrease in the number of children receiving MMR vaccination which could potentially result in an increase in the number of parents approaching herbalists for advice on natural methods of healthcare (SCIEH, 2003). The study involves a literature review plus interviews with four herbalists who have either chosen to only partially vaccinate their children with some of the recommended vaccinations in the childhood immunisation programme, or to withhold vaccination altogether. It includes contrasting theories on the aetiology of infectious disease, statistical information on the incidence and mortality-rates of measles over the past century, an outline of the origins of vaccination, a review of concerns over vaccination, and a compilation of information on the preventative role of herbal therapeutics in childhood infectious disease, focusing on herbs, diet and lifestyle. The conclusion reached was that herbalists have many concerns over vaccination and they believe that herbal medicine (encompassing herbs, diet and lifestyle) can offer parents choosing not to vaccinate their children a natural way to help their child stay healthy, and also to aid recovery from childhood infectious diseases, should they occur.
Abstract
The treatment of the menopause is a current topic under much debate and may be said to have become almost an “industry” in Western culture (Coney, 1995). This study attempts to look at what lies behind the menopause in two cultures – traditional Cherokee society and the modern West.Firstly, it looks at what menopause means to the women who are anticipating or experiencing it, with a comparison between expectations and descriptions of the menopause in the literature of traditional Cherokee society and of contemporary writings in the West. Cherokee women’s attitudes are underpinned by the different expectations of women and their place in society. Aspects of this, a matrilineal clan structure, with a close family support network, autonomy in personal decision making, “control” of the family and property rights, are discussed. The role of both men and women in Cherokee society are key and defined on a spiritual level. The nature of the “power” attributed to women and linked directly to their fertility is examined using the work of Churchill (1997). She identified a “binary” model of Western thought that has been applied to Cherokee culture and suggests that the role of menstruation and spiritual power of blood, in Cherokee terms, have been misunderstood by interpretation through Western eyes and philosophy. The relationship of a people and their place in nature gives information on their healthcare regime, actually their way of life, also intrinsically imbued with the spiritual and marked ceremony. Two key conclusions are discussed – the predisposition of Cherokee society and women in particular to the concept of ageing, viewed in positive rather than negative terms, and the aspects of a natural lifestyle, which may support that individual in their experience of the ageing process.
Abstract
Part of the study of herbal medicine is reviewing our traditional therapeutic uses of herbs, and it was during this process that it was noted that there appeared to be a dearth of female influence in the physiomedicalist/eclectic traditions. Considering the rich history of women healers/herbalists, this posed the question of "where had the women gone". The aim of this project was to attempt to identify the women physiomedicalist/eclectic physicians, to ascertain if they made any literary contributions to herbal medicine and to find out why we know so little about them. There are no secondary sources that detail the female physiomedicalist/eclectic contributions and therefore the project consisted of searching primary sources. Information was gained by contacting libraries and medical schools throughout the United States as well as a personal visit to one such library in Dallas. Other study had to be undertaken to understand the social conditions in both America and Great Britain at this time, to evaluate the influences of women. Through this I was able to gain an understanding of the difficulties placed upon women and the courage that it took to become a female doctor/herbalist at this time. Rich therapeutic knowledge was collected with seven complete books detailing herbal treatment of women and children, along with another 55 pieces of work. The writings were split into therapeutics and political writing, with women arguing for the right to practice medical herbalism. The conclusions reached were that not only did women contribute to the therapeutic writings at the time, but there is a strong argument that when we look to the historical therapeutics of herbs in relation to woman and children that we should be learning from the women physiomedicalist/eclectic physicians, as they had unrestricted access to women which was denied to men due to social propriety.
Abstract
The aim of the dissertation was to explore the energetics of Anemone pulsatilla and how these qualities can be utilised. The research was carried out through a literature search, questionnaire, a review of class tastings of the herb and a Goethean plant observation. This resulted in the indentification of a number of energetic themes. Both relating to the type of patient Anemone is suited for, plus relating to the plant itself and how it grows.The literature reviews revealed controversy over the use of the fresh versus the dried plant preparations, overall findings suggest that the fresh plant has stronger energetic qualities. In conclusion, Pulsatilla has powerful energetic properties specific for a certain type of patient. It is hoped hat this study can help clarify the confusion and fear surrounding the fresh plant material and help create a greater understanding of how to use Pulsatilla in a more energetic way.
Abstract
This study sought to review the current literature on the aetiology of infantile colic in healthy full term infants.Online searches were carried out to find current research and a range of paediatric and herbal books were reviewed. Reference and bibliography lists were also searched to look for relevant articles. The results were categorised according to the author’s approach, and discussion of these categories showed there was a wide variation in understanding of this condition and its causes. The conclusions drawn were that gastrointestinal or nervous immaturity, family and maternal stress and behaviour (including parental inexperience); innate temperament differences; food allergies and feeding practices are the most likely contributing factors. In addition, there is also a whole host of more subtle factors at play. The varying prevalence found across different cultures was also discussed, and the literature supported the view that actions which lead to close proximity between mother and infant ie. Carrying, feeding on demand and sleeping together, may have a preventative role in the expression of this condition. In addition the current treatment strategies used in herbal medicine were summarised. It was found that holistic treatment used by herbalists is ideally suited to treating multifactoral, complex conditions like colic.
Abstract
The vital force is an innate wisdom within nature which provides the human organism with the inherent ability to protect, regulate, adjust and heal itself. The origins of vitalistic philosophy extend from Hippocrates through Paracelsus to the Physiomedicalists, with credit due to shamanic concepts of a directing intelligence in nature. The principles underlying the vitalistic approach to health are observation and communion with nature, ignorance of which leads to complex theory and practice of medicine out of harmony with actions of the vital force. The fundamental vitalistic principles of stimulation relates to herbs that support the actions of the vital force in a general systemic sense and in individual organs and tissues. The pharmacological perspective of stimulants is limited to a small number of herbs with strong action upon the central nervous system and precludes a view of stimulants working positively in harmony with the vital force. Using a pharmacological approach to modern herbal practice results in the use of devitalised and non-holistic theory. Without the aid of stimulants, among other herbs, to support the vital force such practice may lead to the use of herbs contrary to the action of the vital force. The vital state assessment is fundamental to vitalistic practice in order to determine how the vital force is dealing with disease and ascertain the most appropriate treatment to offer in support. An appreciation is required of a person’s state of reserve vitality that dictates the strength with which they are capable of responding to medicine. Applying vitalistic methods of assessment and analysis aids in understanding the true nature of lifestyle stimulants such as coffee. The vitalistic actions of coffee are divided into “primary” and “secondary”, with the conclusion that it should be taken infrequently at low doses to avoid depletion of vital reserves.
Abstract
Valeriana officinalis (Valerian) has a long history of efficacious use in the British Isles for the treatment of a variety of disorders. In a questionnaire sent out by email to sixteen herbal practitioners responses were evaluated to identify current thought on the herb, its energetics, and application to patient types and medical conditions. In this process, response evaluation identified an ambivalent attitude to the use of the herb today, primarily arising from practitioner’s views on the plant’s energetic qualities. Work was undertaken to identify an historical genesis for the widely discordant views held by practitioners by examining texts on the use of the herb in the British Isles via historical texts on astrological and humoral medicine. Sir John Hill’s paper, “Valerian or the virtues that root in nervous disorders”, of 1772 was also examined in some detail. As questionnaire responses identified a great level of influence from other traditions in defining Valerian’s energetics, study of the energetic nature of the plant was defined in these traditions was also examined in Ayurvedic and Chinese botanical and herbal literature. From these sources it was identified that two areas are of specific concern with regard to the use of Valerian today. Firstly, that energetic borrowing from the aforementioned Ayurvedic and Chinese traditions may cause confusion in interpretation of the herb’s actions. Secondly, that sourcing and preparation of the herb are not significantly examined at present and are possible causes for the supposed unpredictability of the plant’s clinical actions. In conclusion it is recommended that herbalists practising in the British Isles, with native herbs, re-examine their own humoral traditions when applying energetic principles to the actions of such herbs in clinical practice.
Abstract
The aim of this piece of research is not to review the efficacy of Echinacea, but to review the literature available and decide if there is currently any supporting evidence for the Commission E monographs claim that Echinacea should be discontinued after 8 weeks.The claim is supported by a repetitive theme from herbal laypersons and manufacturers of over the counter Echinacea products, that the course of treatment of Echinacea should be broken after a certain amount of days. This period can vary greatly, from person to person and company to company.
Review and analysis of previous research in the area.
Abstract
The aims of this research project are to investigate synergies and interaction in an herbal preparation from a pharmacological perspective and a more macroscopic one. This means that I will be discussing synergies and interactions between constituents within a single plant and also between different plants when they are combined. Furthermore, I will be highlighting factors contributing to this synergistic effect, which we observe when prescribing an herbal remedy combination. This includes consideration for energetic prescribing, the consciousness or inner being of the plant, our own power of intent and the role of ritual and synergies within the practitioner-patient-plant triangle. All these aspects form the macrocosm of a prescription of an herbal medicine. I intend to show that there is much more to the concept of synergy in herbal medicine than just pharmacology and polypharmacy.
Abstract
This study sought to explore the connection between hypoglycaemia and panic attacks. This was done in order to gain an understanding of the physiological occurrences in the body, symptoms of panic attacks and look at possible therapeutic approaches.A literature research was undertaken using online searches, and a range of psychiatric, nutritional, and herbals were used. Reference lists were also studied to find relevant sources. The results of the research showed a correlation between emotional stagnation and poor stress coping mechanisms, unstable blood sugar levels, a diet rich in refined carbohydrates and artificial stimulants and overall hormonal imbalance. Physiological imbalances caused by these lead to further aggravation of the symptoms of panic attacks was also discussed. In addition the action of benzodiazepine and their possible aggravation of the symptoms of panic attacks was also discussed. The findings may enable practitioners to gain insight into the underlying processes occurring in the pathology of panic attacks, which can be used to tailor individual treatment strategies with the use of herbs, diet and other lifestyle changes. The study highlighted the complexities of panic attacks and how hypoglycaemia is only one possible underlying cause. However to gain more insight into the nature of panic attacks and how hypoglycaemia plays a role further study would be beneficial. The focus would be on interviewing patients and herbalists in order to achieve more detail on the subject.
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual impairment in people over 60 years. Treatment is limited in orthodox medicine, but nutritional supplements, diet and herbs may prove to be suitable treatments. Herbal medicine uses herbs, diet and lifestyle changes to treat disease and maintain health, therefore it may be appropriate for treating AMD.
Three methodologies were used to investigate the potential for treating AMD with herbal medicine. A literature search revealed many recent studies on the epidemiology, pathology and treatment of AMD. Pathological changes appear to be mainly due to oxidative stress, although other factors may also be involved. Nutritional supplements and diet have promise as a treatment to reduce the progression of AMD. A few herbs also came to light as being of interest, the most commonly mentioned was Vaccinium myrtillus.
A case study showed that AMD may be treated by a medical herbalist. The outcome was successful, the patient felt her vision to be improving, although her optometrist was unable to measure improvements to vision that might relate to this perceived improvement in sight.
A short questionnaire was completed by a small sample of herbalists to elicit how often they treat the condition. The results revealed that AMD does not often present to medical herbalists.
While vitamin and mineral dietary supplements are the most common supplements recommended by optometrists and ophthalmologists, herbs may also be a source of these vitamins, minerals and dietary factors. Vaccinium myrtillus is widely recognised in scientific studies as being of potential benefit, and 9 of the 10 NIMH medical herbalists who completed the questionnaire listed the herb as being of use in the treatment of AMD.
It is concluded that, while herbal medicine is not often used to treat AMD, it is likely to be of great value.
Abstract
Working from the assumption that all Lamiaceae are likely to share some therapeutic qualities, this study set out to elucidate the nature of such characteristics and speculate on what is central to this family.
For completeness’ sake, an unusually wide variety of sources was used, some being non-herbal. Additionally two experiments were performed; namely direct communication with representative Lamiaceae via a clairvoyant, and tasting a Lamiaceae-blend.
The collated results show a thematic coherence that is consistent with what we know of the family’s therapeutics and brings new insights to bear on the subject. This demonstrates both that a family-based approach can work and that a broad-based approach can work, while adding usefully to our understanding and knowledge of the Lamiaceae.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess the potential benefits that medicinal mushrooms might bring to the practice of Herbal Medicine in the UK.
Medicinal mushrooms play an important role in the pharmacopoeias of traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine but appear to be largely overlooked by British herbalists. Because of the constraints of length placed upon the study it is not feasible to research a number of different mushrooms. Emphasis is therefore placed on the Ganoderma species and in particular Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi). This fungus has been selected because it has a long history of traditional use in the Far East and is very highly regarded for its tonic properties. Its main application today is as an immune modulator and adjunct to cancer treatment. However, research has highlighted a wide range of other applications.
Most of the pharmacological actions of Reishi are attributed to its polysaccharide and triterpenoid constituents and much research has been conducted into the actions of different parts of the fungus and different fractions of its constituents. Most of this was performed in vitro or on animals but some recent placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trials, which have yielded interesting results, have been highlighted. Although some of the results were inconclusive, for various reasons, all confirmed that Reishi is a very safe remedy.
The available information suggests that Reishi is a versatile remedy which would be a valuable addition to a herbalist’s dispensary, not just as an immune modulator but also for use in other applications, including the treatment of anxiety, hypertension and hepatitis.
Some herbalists are mentioned who successfully use other Ganoderma species, such as G. tsugae and G. applanatum, as an alternative to G. lucidum, thus highlighting the potential use of a UK native species.
Abstract
This report presents the findings of research into whether it would be possible to stock an efficient herbal dispensary with plants indigenous to Scotland.
Results are reported on the evaluation of a review of literature and data extracted from questionnaires circulated to 45 NIMH registered herbal practitioners in Scotland.
Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and conclusions were reached through triangulation of this analysis. The result was a statistical overview of how many indigenous plants Scottish herbalists already stock and which foreign herbs they believe to be irreplaceable. Ethical concerns with regard to this topic were also highlighted.
Of the 45 herbalist who were sent the questionnaire 26 responded within the allotted timeframe. Of this 26, 50% stocked 50-75% indigenous plants in their dispensaries, 50% thought it was likely that a dispensary could be efficiently stocked with indigenous herbs, 73% said there were foreign herbs which could not be replaced, 61% thought indigenous plants didn’t get used due to a lack of awareness on the part of the practitioner with 19% highlighting education as the problem.
Abstract
Inula helenium has a long history as an effective remedy in a wide range of disorders and illnesses. Historically, it was seen as a powerful healing plant in the treatment of infective and congestive conditions, and pain, spasm and excess secretions in almost all of the bodily systems. Its energetic nature was also much considered in its medicinal applications, and it was viewed as a warming, drying and cleansing agent of value in treating cold, damp conditions and constitutions. The purpose of this research was to examine both historical and modern literature discussing Inula, looking to see if modern uses reflect those of traditional herbalists and if the energetic profile of the plant has remained unchanged throughout time. Work was undertaken to explore this by conducting a blind herb tasting with a group of experienced volunteers (4th year herbal students) and asking them to answer a set of questions on the perceived energetic qualities, effects on the mind and body and potential uses of the plant. Additionally, modern pharmacological data on the herb was examined and this, together with the results of the blind-tastings, was compared to what was already known. The results showed that the herb is used much more specifically by modern herbalists and much of the pharmacological actions attributed the plant are not readily utilised, but certainly justify the more traditional uses. The value of blind-tasting in providing a valuable insight into the energetic qualities and potential uses of the plant was realised, as well as the potential of the herb in treating constitutional types which appears to be less valued in modern times. The results showed that modern pharmacological-based knowledge can add to what is already known, however, historical literature also has much to offer modern herbalism about the medicinal uses of Inula helenium.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish what western herbalists can learn from South African traditional medicine (SATM), as practised by the Xhosa people in the Western Cape, South Africa. The main hypothesis was that ritual and intuition have an important role to play in western herbalism and that SATM can demonstrate how these tools can be effectively applied in practise.
Written information was gathered by conducting a search for relevant literature at African Studies Library, at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. Oral information was obtained by conducting interviews with two practising Xhosa traditional healers (sangomas), in the Western Cape.
As became evident during the study, SATM is a complex, sophisticated treatment modality and there is much scope for further studies. Its holistic nature recognises the link between mind and body and sees the patient as influenced by and dependent on his surroundings, including his community.
This study concluded that ritual has a role to play in the healing process by allowing the patient to state their intention to heal and open subconscious pathways to healing. Furthermore, divination methods can provide both the patient and herbalist with additional information on the patient’s situation, in order to better understand the cause of disease. The African concept of ancestors, whilst perhaps unfamiliar to those in the west, reminds us to honour our past and the value of belonging to a community.
This study further reminds us that as herbalists we should honour the source of our medicines by only selecting those from sustainable sources, or selecting those grown organically. Finally, although SATM and western herbalism appear different, they are both holistic approaches to health and there is much overlap in the method of application of herbal medicine between SATM and western medical herbalists.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate what practising Western herbalists believe depression is, how they conceptualise what is happening to patients who are depressed, and why they feel depression arises, by examining the influences they draw upon to understand the phenomenon.
Literature from a range of reference sources likely to be used by Western herbalists was examined, and the main models and theories extracted. In-depth, qualitative research interviews were then conducted with a small number of practising herbalists, and additional data was gathered in writing from a further participant. Using an interpretative phenomenonological analytic approach, emergent themes and concepts raised by interviewees were clustered, and a narrative created around participants’ quotations.
Results suggest that there is no homogeneous contemporary Western herbal model of depression, but rather that herbalists are influenced by a broad range of sources. These include Western orthodox medicine and a range of psychological schools and traditional and energetic herbal practices.
Participants expressed the view that conceptions of depression are subjective, and that it cannot be defined as a straightforward clinical condition. Rather it manifests as a spectrum of possible symptoms, the expression of which is governed by the individual concerned, thereby necessitating individualised treatment strategies. In contrast to the main orthodox medical model in primary care, depression was not seen as a disorder only of the nervous system, but rather as involving the whole body and concepts of spirit, this being reflected in treatment approaches. Some individuals were seen as inherently predisposed to depression, this further emphasizing the value of constitutional approaches to treatment and highlighting parallels with emerging research in the fields of psychiatry and psychology.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to investigate if Bellis perennis could offer an effective alternative to Arnica montana
in external herbal preparation applications. Both plants belong to the Asteraceae family, with A. montana listed as
an endangered species and B. perennis being so common that many people consider it to be a weed in their lawns.
If B. perennis could offer an effective alternative to A. montana, pressure on the remaining wild stocks would be
reduced, therefore aiding the survival of the species. Due to the commonness of B. perennis, herbal preparations
containing it would be likely to cost significantly less then those containing A. montana.
A literature review was performed to investigate the external uses of each herb. This included consulting numerous
historical and
modern herbal literature texts. Various databases were also searched to ascertain what research has been done
into the individual plants. A small survey of use was conducted amongst herbalists, which identified only three herb
alists as having experience of using B. perennis externally. The information obtained on A. montana and B. perennis
was then compared and contrasted. Very little modern information is available on B. perennis’ uses, its
constituents and pharmacology. Traditional uses therefore had to be relied on in combination with the available
modern information. B. perennis does appear to offer an effective alternative to A. montana in many
conditions, with its use in the treatment of sprains and bruises acting as the most obvious examples.
No contraindications are listed for its use and, unlike A. montana, it is safe to use on open wounds.
Its homeopathic indications also highlight other potential areas of use, which require further exploration.
Abstract
A literature review of ancient and modern herbals, research papers and other commentary on medicinal use of
comfrey was undertaken to establish the traditional background to modern use.
In the latter half of C20th, discovery of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Symphytum species, and high-profile reporting
of four cases of liver damage attributed to ingestion of comfrey products, raised doubts over its safety. Other
authors have addressed these safety concerns in detail, but there appeared to be less effort on establishing
comfrey’s historical therapeutic background, the basic justification for modern use.
This dissertation set out to investigate what parts of the plant had been used, how they were prepared, what
diseases or conditions they were prescribed for and how comfrey was viewed in terms of traditional Western
energetics. To give a modern perspective on the latter, a database of herb tasting results was also sampled.
Early on, it became clear that identification of which species had been used medicinally was frequently
misunderstood, so the research was widened to investigate this issue.
Although the literature reviewed was mainly restricted to readily obtainable, English-language texts, reasonable
evidence of comfrey’s key therapeutic actions was obtained. However it became apparent that: modern and
traditional methods of preparation differed; few researchers understood how to identify the medicinal species
and non-herbalist writers considered various different species equally therapeutic.
In conclusion, while there is sufficient evidence to continue using S. officinale for its traditional therapeutic purposes,
far more care needs to be taken over species identification.
Future research into growing conditions and analysis of traditional preparations such as syrups might bring
additional leverage to prevent it being banned for internal use in the UK, as has happened in several other
countries. Restricting supply of comfrey-containing medicines to qualified herbal practitioners, who understand its
history and relevant therapeutic considerations, could be a reasonable alternative.
Marie Therese Hickland
Abstract
The study aimed to test the functionality of the database which has been configured to store and make accessible,
herb information captured during class tasting within the Scottish School of Herbal Medicine. A positive outcome
was deemed to be evidence that the data gathered during the tasting provided an accurate picture of the test herb
Iris versicolor.
The methodology began with a literature search on Iris versicolor to facilitate the creation of a herb profile consisting
of a number of keywords. A literature search was also conducted on the study related areas of databases and
learning/teaching tools. The core of the study was a pragmatic test of the database by interrogation using keywords
generated from the herb profile against appropriate search fields. As the matches were minimal, it was extended
across all data fields and manually searched for matches. Finally, a thematic compare and contrast exercise based
on the literature search and the four test data sets was conducted manually.
The initial findings were insubstantial using keywords. A significant number of entries were in inappropriate data
fields thus hampering relational searching. The manual comparison of themes was very positive when the data was
interpreted against the literature search. Thus although a positive outcome was not possible by interrogating the
database in the conventional manner, it was possible using the data stored by the database in a different manner.
The findings were discussed and recommendations made to optimise the conduct of herb tasting and improve the data
recording and entry. Suggestions are made as to how the collected data might further inform students understanding
of each herb in the absence of known research and how the data might contribute to a wider experiential research
study on individual herbs.
Can Herbal Medicine Aid Concentration In Those With
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder?
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (AD/HD) is a condition characterised by persistent and excessive actions
in which the individual is unable to focus and pay attention or, conversely, displays hyperactive, disruptive and
impulsive behaviour. It is estimated that at least one in 20 schoolchildren, 360,000 in England and Wales alone,
are thought to have some degree of AD/HD. Prescriptions for the standard treatment, Ritalin, have doubled in the
last four years. In Scotland prescriptions for drugs indicated for AD/HD grew by 11.7% between 2003/04 and
2004/05, up from 38,350 to 42,832 prescribed items.
This dissertation examines aspects of AD/HD including; treatment by conventional, orthodox means, treatment
by alternative and complementary strategies and areas in which herbal therapeutics may be used to aid the
concentration of the individual with AD/HD and so improve the individuals learning experience.
Research suggests that many herbs have been identified as having potential benefits to the aid various aspects of the
disorder, although most of the studies carried out have used standardised herb extract. Anecdotal and experiential
evidence indicates that there may be some herbs that are valuable in the treatment of particular aspects of the
disorder and when combined with appropriate dietary and lifestyle strategies are as effective, or even superior to
standard orthodox treatment.
Who is Artemisia vulgaris?
Endeavouring to decipher the Energetic Essence of the plant
Abstract
Endeavouring to decipher the Energetic Essence of the plant by analysis of historical uses, current applications
and group tasting responses.Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort) was traditionally held in high regard as a gift directly from Artemis. It was prized as a herb for women amongst numerous medicinal and magical uses. However, Mugwort has been sidelined in many modern texts and features merely as a digestive and emmenagogue, with little research into its efficacy. This study involved a literature review of A. vulgaris from earliest records to the present day. The historical literature consulted was mainly European, going back as far as Dioscorides and Pliny while modern texts included other disciplines such as Traditional Chinese Medicine and a number of American texts on closely related species. The results showed a wide range of applications including indications such as epilepsy, nerve palsies and arthritic pain that have clearly fallen out of use. There was much written about folkloric uses indicating Mugwort’s significant role in daily life when it was hung in the house, worn upon the person and even burned in churches for protection. The results of the Literature Review were compared to a series of blind herb tastings by experts and by a control group. It was found that the plant elicited a significantly wider set of responses during the tastings than are noted in most modern texts and that some of these corresponded with historical use. The only common outcome of the tastings, was a calming, protective effect felt by all groups – indicative of historical beliefs.
Can the Scottish native plant Myrica gale play a larger role in today’s
modern herbal practice and if so where do its main strengths lie?
Abstract
A two-part study into the traditional and modern uses of Myrica gale (Bog
Myrtle). The author compares and contrasts data from historical and modern
sources with data gathered from an intuitive tasting of the herb at the Scottish
School of Herbal Medicine, utilising the approach of contemplative discernment.
The author concludes that this herb could and should be used more widely in
clinical practice, especially in the context of a move towards using more native
and ecologically sustainable herbal medicines. The key therapeutic attributes of
the herb were found to agree with its traditional use, i.e. the herb could be used
in conditions such as digestive upset, skin conditions and worm infestations.
Other attributes based on the energetic properties of the herb are also
proposed. These include this herb as a treatment for mild depression or
stagnating psychological conditions where the patient would benefit from
increased motivation. The energetic attributes of the herb were derived from an
intuitive tasting of the herb.
An investigation into a holistic understanding of libido and the subsequent
treatment of low libido using herbal medicine.
Abstract
This paper is an investigation into the nature of libido or sexual drive from an holistic perspective. It will aim to define
the term libido, not only from the orthodox, physiological and psychological understandings but from an energetic,
even spiritual viewpoint and how all these interact to give an integrated understanding. After reviewing the current
orthodox and herbal literature it was concluded that there is little evidence of such an appraisal of libido.
Therefore this project aims to provide an energetic consideration of libido, aiming to examine how mind, body and
spirit act to maintain the libido and thus how it can become low.Keeping in mind the above, the paper will look at remedies used to improve libido. Firstly a compound remedy, Laboob-e-kabir from the Unani tradition (interview with Karim, 2004), followed by a herb well known to the Western tradition, Turnera diffusa, reputed as an aphrodisiac. (Ross 2003). Another herb, Stachys betonica will also be briefly examined. (Garudas 1988) The study utilized the qualitative research model, drawing on literature searches of the orthodox medical and herbal literature (including the traditions of Ayurveda, TCM and Uniani-tibb) in addition to semi-structured interviews with practitioners. Data (in relation to Stachys betonica) was also collected by means of ‘blind’ herb tastings whereby participants comment on the effects a herb is having on them without prior knowledge of what that herb is. The overall aim then is to continue to open an avenue of discussion amongst practitioners about libido and its subsequent treatment from a holistic/energetic perspective. It is hoped that this paper will inspire further investigation; the lack of rigorous scientific research into the validity of the remedies mentioned above is testimony to this. Apparent too is the increased need for research examining the effects of herbs on human subjects as opposed to animals.
What can consulting patterns at a Herbal Medicine Practice indicate about male health-seeking
behaviour patterns male health-seeking behaviour patterns with regard to Herbal Medicine? - A literature review and retrospective clinic data study.
Abstract
This study investigated male attendance patterns at a herbal medicine clinic in Glasgow to determine whether there
was any correlation to male attendance to GPs in Scotland. A retrospective clinic review was done of male patient
data at the Scottish School of Herbal Medicine’s student clinic to extract attendance information from January
2004 - November 2005. Primary complaints were grouped according to ISD-Scotland Stand Morbidity Groupings.
Data was analysed and an attempt was made to compare this to ISD-Scotland statistics.Differences in collection methods and depiction of data made direct comparison to ISD-Scotland data untenable. However, correlation was found between the most frequently seen complaint group at the clinic and the conditions with the highest contact rate amongst GPs. The rate of return for follow-up visit for this complaint was low. Overall, 35% of men attended the clinic for only one consultation. Due to the small numbers in the population studied, the relevance of these findings to a broader population is questionable. A literature search was executed on male orthodox and herbal medicine healthcare attendance in order to investigate known patterns. Using defined search criteria, studies on male attendance for herbal medicine appeared to be poorly represented and it wasn’t possible to extrapolate age or gender patterns of attendance from the papers investigated. Lack of knowledge about herbal medicine appeared to be a significant reason for not using herbal medicine. Patterns in orthodox medicine were also considered to gain an understanding of male attitudes to health. It was discerned that men’s interpretation of physical health is different to women and they are more likely to seek medical help for physical rather than psychological symptoms. There is evidence to suggest that male perception of symptoms also differs from women and that they are more likely to attempt to rationalise or ignore potentially serious symptoms.
A cross-cultural study into the traditional medical understanding of the role of emotions in liver pathology
Abstract
The aim of this research project was to evaluate the role of emotions in liver pathology within the realm of traditional medicine.
Three specific traditional medical systems were chosen: Ayurvedic, Humoral and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM).The objective was to collect data relevant to this topic, categorise it according to any similar themes and then evaluate any similarities and contrasts found. A qualitative approach was chosen, based on a review of literature relevant to the subject. Information was sourced from books, Internet searches and journal articles. Five research questions were posed which served as a structure, enabling the author to explore the following themes; the relationship between the emotions and disease, the functions of the liver in relation to the resulting disharmony, specific emotions associated with the liver and its pathology, the emotion’s effect on the liver and the subsequent pathological process and finally, the traditional treatment of liver pathologies with an emotional aetiology. Two hypotheses put forward and were as follows: 1) Traditional medical systems recognise specific emotions as a cause of liver pathology. 2) Traditional medical systems recognise the same emotions as being a cause of liver pathology. The first hypothesis was proved to be correct. The second hypothesis was less straightforward, as although all three systems recognised anger as being the main emotion implicated in liver pathology, they also recognised other emotions in addition to this, which were different in all three systems. The main results were as follows: all three systems consider the liver’s main function to be its role in the nourishment of the body. A direct link was found between the emotions and disease, primarily via their disruption of Qi/Prana/Pneuma in all three systems, resulting in a predisposition to disease. In all three systems, anger is recognised as being the main emotion implicated in liver pathology. The liver is a hot organ and associated with Yang, the Pitta dosha and the Choleric temperament therefore it is most easily disturbed by hot emotions such as anger. Three liver pathologies (with an emotional aetiology) were compared and found to have similar clinical features in common. The herbal treatment for these conditions also appeared to have a similar approach.
Abstract
The study aimed to test the functionality of the database which has been configured to store and make
accessible, herb information captured during class tasting within the Scottish School of Herbal
Medicine. A positive outcome was deemed to be evidence that the data gathered during the tasting
provided an accurate picture of the test herb Iris versicolor. The methodology began with a literature search on Iris versicolor to facilitate the creation of a herb profile consisting of a number of keywords. A literature search was also conducted on the study related areas of databases and learning/teaching tools. The core of the study was a pragmatic test of the database by interrogation using keywords generated from the herb profile against appropriate search fields. As the matches were minimal, it was extended across all data fields and manually searched for matches. Finally, a thematic compare and contrast exercise based on the literature search and the four test data sets was conducted manually. The initial findings were insubstantial using keywords. A significant number of entries were in inappropriate data fields thus hampering relational searching. The manual comparison of themes was very positive when the data was interpreted against the literature search. Thus although a positive outcome was not possible by interrogating the database in the conventional manner, it was possible using the data stored by the database in a different manner. The findings were discussed and recommendations made to optimise the conduct of herb tasting and improve the data recording and entry. Suggestions are made as to how the collected data might further inform students understanding of each herb in the absence of known research and how the data might contribute to a wider experiential research study on individual herbs.
Abstract
Working from the assumption that all Lamiaceae are likely to share some therapeutic qualities, this
study set out to elucidate the nature of such characteristics and speculate on what is central to this
family.For completeness’ sake, an unusually wide variety of sources was used, some being non-herbal. Additionally two experiments were performed; namely direct communication with representative Lamiaceae via a clairvoyant, and tasting a Lamiaceae-blend. The collated results show a thematic coherence that is consistent with what we know of the family’s therapeutics and brings new insights to bear on the subject. This demonstrates both that a family-based approach can work and that a broad-based approach can work, while adding usefully to our understanding and knowledge of the Lamiaceae.
Abstract
The aim of this project was to explore the herbal approach to treating patients with the hospital
acquired infection MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus). This infection is rising in
incidence with the increase in antibiotic resistance. Alternative strategies were therefore explored
for medical herbalists to use when faced with a patient with an antibiotic resistant infection.Literature from a range of databases and publications was reviewed and evaluated. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with a small number of practising herbalists. Using the Grounded Theory approach, theories were generated from the data to provide a qualitative analysis while statistical data was illustrated using a quantitative approach. Results from the literature provided some information on the anti-microbial effects of a number of essential oils and herbs while other references recognised the benefits of other complementary plant activities. Interviewees expressed the view that a depleted immune system was the main risk factor for contracting MRSA. Treatment strategies were aimed at an anti-microbial approach, although the need to reinforce this with a systemic approach was also thought to be important. Echinacea angustifolia was cited most often and treatment strategies included both internal and external applications. Herbs were chosen for their pharmacological and physical attributes rather than their energetic profile. The main theme to be discussed however was the need to treat patients as individuals taking their medical histories into consideration and prescribing accordingly. Dietary and lifestyle advice was expressed as being an important adjunct but no real specifics were uncovered. Although the participants all expressed that herbal medicine had been successful, limitations such as re-infection at home and patient determination were thought to be important. Future work could focus more on an energetic understanding of the infection to provide yet another framework for developing treatment approaches.
A literature review and extended monograph tracing the historical uses of the herb through to the present day in order to assess its future potential
Abstract
A literature review of ancient and modern herbals, research papers and other commentary on medicinal
use of comfrey was undertaken to establish the traditional background to modern use. In the latter half of C20th, discovery of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Symphytum species, and high-profile reporting of four cases of liver damage attributed to ingestion of comfrey products, raised doubts over its safety. Other authors have addressed these safety concerns in detail, but there appeared to be less effort on establishing comfrey’s historical therapeutic background, the basic justification for modern use. This dissertation set out to investigate what parts of the plant had been used, how they were prepared, what diseases or conditions they were prescribed for and how comfrey was viewed in terms of traditional Western energetics. To give a modern perspective on the latter, a database of herb tasting results was also sampled. Early on, it became clear that identification of which species had been used medicinally was frequently misunderstood, so the research was widened to investigate this issue. Although the literature reviewed was mainly restricted to readily obtainable, English-language texts, reasonable evidence of comfrey’s key therapeutic actions was obtained. However it became apparent that: modern and traditional methods of preparation differed; few researchers understood how to identify the medicinal species and non-herbalist writers considered various different species equally therapeutic. In conclusion, while there is sufficient evidence to continue using S. officinale for its traditional therapeutic purposes, far more care needs to be taken over species identification. Future research into growing conditions and analysis of traditional preparations such as syrups might bring additional leverage to prevent it being banned for internal use in the UK, as has happened in several other countries. Restricting supply of comfrey-containing medicines to qualified herbal practitioners, who understand its history and relevant therapeutic considerations, could be a reasonable alternative.
Abstract
A two-part study into the traditional and modern uses of Myrica gale (Bog Myrtle). The author compares
and contrasts data from historical and modern sources with data gathered from an intuitive tasting of
the herb at the Scottish School of Herbal Medicine, utilising the approach of contemplative
discernment.The author concludes that this herb could and should be used more widely in clinical practice, especially in the context of a move towards using more native and ecologically sustainable herbal medicines. The key therapeutic attributes of the herb were found to agree with its traditional use, i.e. the herb could be used in conditions such as digestive upset, skin conditions and worm infestations. Other attributes based on the energetic properties of the herb are also proposed. These include this herb as a treatment for mild depression or stagnating psychological conditions where the patient would benefit from increased motivation. The energetic attributes of the herb were derived from an intuitive tasting of the herb.
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